Journal of Sustainable Environment

Influence of Climate Change in Implementation of Village Land Use Plans in Dodoma, Tanzania

Frida Fredrick Francis — 2024-01-01

Abstract

Drought exacerbated by climate change has affected agricultural production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Land use plans can be used to attenuate climate hazards by enhancing adaptive capacity of farmers. However, most land use plans have put emphasis on conflict resolution and have inadequately considered issues regarding climate change adaptation. This study assessed whether Chenene village land use plan enhanced adaptation capacity of farmers in the village and how indigenous knowledge contributes to the enhancement of effective operationalization of the developed plans. Results show that the developed land use plans were not informed by indigenous knowledge, land capability classification and climate threats facing the village. As a result, villagers did not follow the plans as they did not realise any benefits by following such plans as compared to the past and therefore the adaptation capacity of farmers against effects of climate change was impaired. It is therefore recommended that for land use plans to be responsive to climate change and enhance adaptive capacity of farmers, the Guidelines for Participatory Land Use Plans ought to establish a mechanism of ensuring that indigenous knowledge, socio-economic factors of villagers, and land capability/suitability assessments are adequately adhered to before plans are approved and that the methodology of assessing suitability of a particular land unit for a particular use as inputs of land use planning in Tanzania is revised.

Comparative Analysis of Kabuli and Desi Chickpea Growth Parameters under Cystoseira indica (Thivy et Doshi) Mariha, 1968 Compost Application

Hafsah - — 2024-01-01

Seaweeds function as bio-fertilizers because they possess growth-promoting substances. Since chickpeas are an important agricultural crop consumed worldwide, this study focused on the effects of brown seaweed Cystoseira indica as compost on the physical parameters of Desi and Kabuli chickpeas. C. indica was applied in five concentrations: 5%, 25%, 45%, 65%, and 85%, along with a control group. The best results for shoot and root lengths, plant height, and weight were observed in 25%, 45%, and 65% concentrations. However, the highest number of pods in both varieties was recorded in the 5% compost treatment.

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Released from the Petroleum Refinery Industry using Mathematical Modelling with Aspen HYSYS

Imran Nazir Unar — 2024-01-01

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are substances that consume and release radiant energy in the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases are the cause of the global greenhouse effect. The most common greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H₂O), CO₂ and methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). In the absence of greenhouse gases, the earth's normal surface temperature is about -18 ° C (0 ° F) instead of the current value of about 15 °C (59 °F). Greenhouse gas emissions in this sector result in vents, flares and fugitive losses caused by emissions from equipment (such as valves, flanges, pumps). In addition to the emissions from oil refining operations, it also includes the stationary flue gases that have been installed in these plants. In this study, the US EPA method was used to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon rates of the refinery modeled in this study. The Aspen HYSYS software was used to develop computer models for the refinery industry. The research was performed by changing the feed rate of the feed stream, i.e. crude oil, by changing the temperature and changing the pressure. In order to study the impact of the final feed fuel source, the five various fuel sources were chosen, namingly, crude oil, natural gas, municipal solid waste (MSW), bituminous coal, and lignite. This study came to the following conclusions. Under power flow conditions of 3000 USGPM, temperature of 350 °F and 75 psia, the highest carbon cost of the Lignite Fuel source was US $ 524 / h. While at 3000 USGPM, temperature 650 ^oF, and 75 psia, the lowest carbon cost of the natural gas fuel source was US $ 29.7 / h.

THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE FRASS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CHEMICAL FERTILIZER IN AGRICULTURE IN CAMEROON

Marykathleen Agbornawbi Tambeayuk — 2024-01-01

The cost-effectiveness and acceptance of eco-friendly Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) frass as a sustainable alternative to inorganic fertiliser is gaining pace globally and is innovative in very few parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates the economic viability and social acceptance of the use of BSFL frass by-product of waste valorisation by the BSFL as an alternative to synthetic fertiliser. The economic data was gathered by performing a cost-benefit ratio analysis and a return on investments study. Social data was gathered by administering a total of 150 questionnaires to selected urban farmers across the centre region of Cameroon. The results depicted that using BSFL Frass (BSFLf) resulted in the highest Return on Investment, profit margin, and Cost-Benefit ratio when compared to the most general inorganic fertiliser (NPK, Urea, Yara and Surface) used in Cameroon. The concept of employing frass as a substitute was deemed acceptable, albeit a few concerns that may be gradually eradicated by sensitisation and additional research into the phytonotic capacity of crops cultivated on frass. This study validates the use of the BSFL as a sustainable substitute for synthetic fertiliser in agriculture as its product of BSFL frass waste has been found to contribute positively to food security as it is both economically affordable, viable and socially acceptable.

Comprehensive 3R’s method's approaches to mitigate plastic pollution and its indirect role in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Muhammad Hammad — 2024-01-01

Plastic pollution has become an extreme global issue, destroying ecosystems and human health. This comprehensive review investigates the multifaceted challenges posed by plastic waste, ranging from the low recycling rates and mismanagement. Projections of a stunning 12 billion Mt (million metric tons) of plastic waste by 2050 emphasize the urgent effective involvement. The 3R’s approach, surrounding Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, appears as a vigorous strategy to hold this crisis. Under the "Reduce" banner, bioplastics are the best sustainable alternatives, offering eco-friendly attributes, reduced reliance on non-renewable energy, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Other policy tools like single-use plastic restrictions/bans, excessive packaging regulations, and extended producer responsibility also help to reduce plastic waste accumulation in the environment. Transitioning to the "Reuse" model highlights the extension of plastic lifespans through reusable containers and bags, influences industries to prioritize product redesign for durability, implementation of closed-loop system, and supply chain integrations at the industrial level, and advances sustainable initiatives like plastic banks for effective waste management. The "Recycle" dimension explores mechanical and chemical recycling methods, explaining their respective advantages and drawbacks. Importantly, the review underlines the 3R’s indirect role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, revealing how strategies like minimizing plastic waste and reusable alternatives contribute to a reduced need for production and landfill space. In conclusion, the 3R’s method emerges as a pivotal and comprehensive strategy to combat plastic pollution, requiring widespread adoption across individual, industrial, and policy domains to ensure a sustainable and healthier future for our planet and its inhabitants.